Mecanismos de gestión de conflictos entre inversionistas y estados: la necesidad de retomar el objetivo original del derecho internacional de la inversión
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Durante las últimas dos décadas, el debate sobre el derecho internacional de la inversión ha girado alrededor de los pros y los contras de los procedimientos de Solución de Controversias Internacionales entre Inversionistas y Estados (“SCIE”; “ISDS” por sus siglas en inglés). Este artículo sostiene que dicho debate ha distraído la atención de la comunidad académica y de política pública de lo que debería ser el foco principal del debate sobre el derecho internacional de las inversiones: a saber, fomentar el grado de certeza y previsibilidad a largo plazo en las relaciones entre inversionistas extranjeros y los Estados receptores de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED). Dicho objetivo implica mitigar el riesgo político que suele afectar a los proyectos de IED para que se establezcan, operen y se expandan en los países receptores. Este artículo resume una investigación reciente liderada por el autor que demuestra la inexistencia de una infraestructura legal adecuada, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, que permita a los Estados anfitriones y a los inversores gestionar sus conflictos con la suficiente antelación antes de que los problemas de los inversionistas se conviertan en disputas legales. La carencia de tal infraestructura no solo está sobrecargando al ISDS como el único medio para lidiar con las quejas entre inversionistas y Estados, sino que también genera un costo de oportunidad significativamente alto tanto para los inversionistas como para los Estados. Este artículo sostiene que los Mecanismos de Gestión de Conflictos entre Inversionistas y Estados (“Investor-State Conflict Management Mechanisms, (CMMs)” por sus siglas en inglés) pueden llenar ese vacío de infraestructura legal. Al incorporar los CMMs en el marco del régimen internacional de inversiones, el derecho internacional de las inversiones podría retomar su fundamento original de contribuir a aumentar la confianza de los inversores para promover mayores flujos de IED hacia países en desarrollo.
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